Myasthenia gravis (MG), an acquired immune syndrome affecting proteins at the neuromuscular junction, causes significant muscular functional impairment and can compromise patients’ quality of life, including fatigue, disability, and increased mortality rates.  Continued efforts in the last decades have begun to produce significant progress in our understanding of this rare condition, yet considerable challenges remain for improving diagnosis and developing effective treatments for MG.   The present volume comprises papers stemming from the “12th International Conference on Myasthenia Gravis and Related Disorders,” held May 21–23, 2012 at the New York Academy of Sciences in New York City.  The papers collected in this second of two Annals volumes highlight some of the key developments in neuroscience and immunology in MG and related syndromes presented at the conference, including treatment update and what lies ahead, congenital myasthenic syndromes, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, the thymus, thymectomy, and the myasthenia gravis thymectomy trial, and hot topics selected from submitted abstracts. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit: http://ordering.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subs.asp?ref=1749-6632&doi=10.111/(ISSN)1749-6632. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information on becoming a member.