This book is a compilation of scientific knowledge regarding the clinical entity known as “Renal Tubular Acidosis in Children” (RTA). It contains the information needed to comprehend the intricate mechanisms of acid-base metabolism, electrolyte imbalance, and complications related to renal tubular acidosis in the pediatric age group, since the acid-base physiology and the clinical disorders associated with it in children are quite different from the adult counterpart. The chapters, written by authors, experts in the field, describe systemic and renal physiology, electrolyte alterations, as well as the pathogenesis and chromosomal mutations leading to the development of RTA. The reader will find the latest information on diagnostic tools and learn how to approach diagnosis, avoiding improper treatment, rickets, nephrocalcinosis, and renal failure. In addition, new insights on classification, the clinical presentation of each type of RTA, molecular biology, and transmembrane protein transporters are covered. This work is primarily directed at pediatric nephrologists and pediatricians. Nevertheless, general practitioners, medical students, residents and fellows at different medical training programs, and other health care professionals of nutrition, growth and development, gastroenterology and endocrinology may surely benefit from it.