Alongside the anti-slavery and political reform movements, Temperance was one of England’s most influential social movements of the 19th century. Alcohol abuse led to widespread poverty and social distress, driving reformers—initially inspired by American activists—to establish the first English Temperance societies in 1830. Over the next century, millions ‘signed the pledge,’ committing to a life of abstinence, helping those affected by drink, and advocating for alcohol restrictions, even prohibition. The ‘Drink Question’ dominated political debate for decades. Excluded from public places that sold alcohol, Temperance supporters raised funds and built a parallel world of their own. They gathered in Temperance Halls, dined in coffee taverns, and relaxed in alcohol-free billiard halls and reading rooms. Hospitals, insurance companies, and social institutions emerged to serve those who had forsworn drink. This book uncovers the remarkable physical legacy of the movement—its buildings, institutions, and influence—offering a compelling look at the ‘parallel universe’ of the Temperance campaigners.