Past and Future Alternatives and Strategies. Trends in the epidemiology of end-stage renal disease over the last decade; P. Landais. Answers to liver graft shortage: hepatocyte transplantation and bioartificial liver; Y. Calmus. Enzymatic and biochemical substitutes to organ transplantation in inborn errors of metabolism; P. Cochat. Tolerance induction; K.J. Wood. Xenotransplantation: immunological advances; G. Blancho. Liver Replacement Therapy. Living donor in liver transplantation as novel graft source; O. Boillot. Ex-situ liver support; I. Méchet. Renal Replacement Therapy. Preventing end-stage renal disease: fact or fiction? B. Kasiske. Transplantation and short daily hemodialysis; J. Traeger. Comparison of survival probabilities between renal transplant recipients and patients undergoing regular dialysis: a single center prospective study; G. Segoloni. Transplantation versus dialysis in aged and type 2 diabetic patients; C. Pouteil-Noble. Pancreas Replacement Therapy. External and implantable insulin pumps: current place in the treatment of diabetes; J.L. Selam. Pancreas and islet transplantation in the treatment of type 1 diabetes; X. Martin. Perspectives in early detection and management of IDDM; C. Thivolet. Heart and Lung Replacement Therapy. Mechanical circulatory support: today's fact and future horizons; A. El-Banayosys. Intra-myocardial myoblast injection; P. Ménasché. Ambulatory management of primary pulmonary hypertension; J.L. Vachiéry. Cystic fibrosis: conservative management; A. Clément. Emerging Transplantations and Management. Intestinal transplantation; O. Goulet. Intracerebralgrafting of fetal neuroblasts for neurodegenerative diseases: experimental bases and clinical results; M. Pechansky. Skin equivalents; O. Damour. Concluding Remarks. Public health issues from European countries; M. Manyalich. Clinical evaluation of organ transplantation in France; Y. Matillon. From Lyon to Louisville: the need for tolerance; L. Ross.