Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are an important functional material because of their potential implications in diverse research fields. The materials have been developed for a range of uses including separation, environmental, biomedical and sensor applications. In this book, the chapters are clustered into two main sections: Strategies to be employed when using the affinity materials, and rational design of MIPs for advanced applications. In the first part, the book covers the recent advances in producing MIPs for sample design, preparation and characterizations. In the second part, the chapters demonstrate the importance and novelty of creation of recognition imprinted on the materials and surfaces for a range of microbial detection sensors in the biomedical, environmental and food safety fields as well as sensing human odor and virus monitoring systems.          Part 1: Strategies of affinity materials Molecularly imprinted polymersMIP nanomaterialsMicro- and nanotraps for solid phase extractionCarbonaceous affinity nanomaterialsFluorescent MIPsMIP-based fiber optic sensors Part 2: Rational design of MIP for advanced applications MIP-based biomedical and environmental sensorsAffinity adsorbents for environmental biotechnologyMIP in food safetyMIP-based virus monitoringMIP-based drug delivery and controlled releaseBiorecognition imprints on the biosensor surfacesMIP-based sensing of volatile organic compounds in human body odourMIP-based microcantilever sensor system