This book covers theoretical aspects as well as recent innovativeapplications of Artificial Neural networks (ANNs) in natural, environmental,biological, social, industrial and automated systems. It presents recent results of ANNs in modelling small, largeand complex systems under three categories, namely, 1) Networks, Structure Optimisation,  Robustness and Stochasticity 2) Advances in Modelling Biological andEnvironmental Systems and 3) Advancesin Modelling Social and Economic Systems. The book aims at serving undergraduates, postgraduates and researchersin ANN computational modelling.