Foreword I.- Foreword II.- 1 Introduction to Dinaric Perspectives on TIMSS 2019: Paulína Koršňáková, Sabine Meinck, and Barbara Japelj Pavešić.- 2 Context and Implementation of TIMSS 2019 at Grade Four in the Dinaric Region: Paulína Koršňáková and Sandra Dohr.- 3 Opportunity to Learn Mathematics and Science: Agim Alia, Barbara Japelj Pavešić, and Mojca Rožman.- 4 Students' Interests, Motivation, and Self-beliefs: Barbara Japelj Pavešić, Marina Radović, and Falk Brese.- 5 Early Literacy and Numeracy Competencies: Predictors of Mathematics Achievement in the Dinaric Region: Ženeta Džumhur, Nada Ševa, and Mojca Rožman.- 6 The Role of Learning Resources, School Environment, and Climate in Transforming Schools from Buildings to Learning Communities Ines Elezović, Beti Lameva, and Falk Brese.- 7 Teachers, Teaching and Student Achievement: Ivana Đerić, Ines Elezović, and Falk Brese.- 8 Characteristics of Principals and Schools in the Dinaric Region: Beti Lameva, Ženeta Džumhur, and Mojca Rožman.- 9 Characteristics of High- and Low-performing Students: Rezana Vrapi, Agim Alia, and Falk Brese.- 10 Scaffolding the Learning in Rural and Urban Schools: Similarities and Differences : Smiljana Jošić, Barbara Japelj Pavešić, Nikoleta Gutvajn, and Mojca Rožman.- Acknowledgments.