This open access book offers a comprehensive exploration of sustainability discourse, from the GreenComp European sustainability competence framework to global education research perspectives. It highlights how science education can foster environmental awareness, guided by IEA’s Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) Environmental Attitudes and Behaviors Framework. Using data from TIMSS 2023, the book highlights key policy intentions and theoretical research narratives, mapping them to well-documented educational systems within the European Educational Area. This work aims to inspire further research and foster collaboration among stakeholders engaged in the field of compulsory education.