1. Fertility Trends in the Developing World, 1950-20201.1 Background1.2 Fertility trends1.3 Analytic Framework for the Determinants of Fertility1.3.1 Path 1: Conventional Theories1.3.2 Path 2: Revisionist Theories and Family Planning Programs1.3.3 Path 3. Coercive Policies.References 2. Country Fertility Transition Patterns2.1 Introduction2.2 Data2.3 Fertility Trends2.4 Transition Phases2.4.1 Pre-Transition Fertility2.4.2 Onset of Transition2.4.3 Pace of Decline2.4.4 The End of the Transition2.4.5 Fertility in 20202.4.6 Post-Transitional Fertility2.5 Stalled Transitions2.6 ConclusionReferences 3. Transitions in Individual Reproductive Behavior and Preferences3.1 Introduction3.2 Data3.3 Contraception and its Impact on Fertility3.3.1 Contraceptive Prevalence Trends3.3.2 Contraceptive Use and Fertility: Cross-sectional Evidence3.3.3 Contraceptive Use and Fertility: Longitudinal Evidence3.4. Abortion and its Impact on Fertility3.5. Why Contraceptive Use Rises: The Roles of Demand and Implementation.3.6 The Reproductive Consequences of Imperfect Birth controlAppendixReferences 4. Socio-economic Determinants of Fertility4.1 Introduction4.2 Data4.3 Which Socio-economic Variable is the Main Driver of Fertility Transitions?4.4 Education and Fertility Transition Patterns4.5 Explanations of AnomaliesReferences 5. Controversies Surrounding Fertility Policies5.1 Introduction5.2 Controversies During the Pre-transition Phase, 1950-19705.2.1 From Transition Theory to Advocacy of Family Planning Programs5.2.2 The Rise of a Population Control Movement5.2.3 Fears of Famine, Failure and a Population Bomb5.3 Controversies During the Rapid Decline Phase, 1970-20005.3.1 Controversy at the 1974 UN Conference on Population5.3.2 Questions of Coercion, Reproductive Health and Reproductive Rights5.3.3 Does Fertility Decline Promote Development? Do Family Planning Programs Promote Fertility Decline?5.3.4 Africa and the AIDS Crisis5.4 ConclusionReferences 6. Does Fertility Decline Stimulate Development? 6.1 Introduction6.2 Age Structure Effects of Declining Fertility6.3 The Components of Growth in GDP per Capita6.4 The First Demographic Dividend6.5 The Second Demographic Dividend6.6 Multi-sectoral Benefits from Fertility Decline6.7 ConclusionReferences 7. The Impact of Voluntary Family Planning Programs on Contraceptive Use, Fertility, and Population 7.1 Introduction7.2 Family Planning Programs and Obstacles to the Use of Contraception7.3 Program Impact on Contraceptive Use7.3.1 Controlled Experiments7.3.2 Natural Experiments7.3.4 Natural Experiments: Adjusted Results7.3.5 Regressions: program impact on contraceptive use, demand, and implementation7.4 Program Impact on Fertility7.4.1 Controlled Experiments7.4.2 Natural Experiments7.4.3 Natural Experiments: Adjusted Results7.4.4  Regressions: Program Impact on Fertility7.5 Program Impact on Population Trends7.6 Critics of Family Planning Programs7.7 ConclusionReferences 8. The Developing World's Fertility Tra