This volume is a collection of selected peer-reviewed scientific results presented at the conference "Modern Methods in Mathematical Physics and their Applications" held in Uzbekistan from April 22 to 24, 2025. The aim of the conference was to exchange ideas as well as foster international collaboration. The main topics include algebra and analysis, direct and inverse problems for differential equations (both integer and fractional-order), spectral theory of differential operators, mathematical modeling, and computational mathematics. The book will be of interest to researchers working in these fields.