This book traces important legal and regulatory developments in the first two decades since the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) was established, along with its political and economic aspects. It narrates the story of the institutional progress of TRAI and its influence on the growth of India’s telecom sector.

The telecom revolution was a game changer in post-liberalization India, a country today home to the second largest subscriber base in the world– more people have access to mobile phones than toilets. Its rapid, relentless growth has created new possibilities and challenges, including a robust regulatory policy. This book, the first comprehensive survey of TRAI’s progress, examines the salient developments in regulation of the Indian telecom sector. It analyses, at the macro-institutional level, the norms and rules reconstituted over time; at the institutional level, the impact of important court judgments, relevant telecom case law (including the 2G judgment and Adjusted Gross Revenue-related cases), and the ‘judicialization’ of regulatory governance; and, at the micro-institutional level, the mechanisms of governance of TRAI and the way its functioning has affected the alignment of incentives in the regulatory space. It provides an overview of the regulatory framework and the context in which the telecom sector was deregulated, the structure of internal governance, and issues in telecom licensing and spectrum allotment.

The book combines academic rigour and empirical research with a practitioner’s perspective of the unfolding events. It will interest students and researchers of economics, law, public policy, communications technology, and ICT policy and regulation, as well as telecom sector professionals, service providers, academic experts, policymakers, and think tanks.