This book constitutes selected and revised papers from the 23rd International Conference on Mathematical Modeling and Supercomputer Technologies, MMST 2023, held in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, during November 13–16 2023. The 18 full papers and 7 short papers presented in the volume were thoroughly reviewed and selected from the 45 submissions. They are organized in topical sections as follows: computational methods for mathematical models analysis; computation in optimization and optimal control; artificial intelligence and supercomputer simulation.